Voici une solution basée sur les idées de la réponse de Realz Slaw. Il s'agit essentiellement d'une ré-exposition de ses idées qui pourrait être plus claire ou plus facile à suivre. Le plan est que nous allons procéder en deux étapes:
Tout d' abord, nous allons construire un graphique avec la propriété suivante: tout chemin de s à t dans S est un plus court chemin de s à t dans G , et chaque chemin le plus court de s à t dans G est également présent dans S . Ainsi, S contient exactement les chemins les plus courts dans G : tous les chemins les plus courts, et rien de plus. En l'occurrence, S sera un DAG.SstSstGstGSSGS
Ensuite, nous allons prélever uniformément au hasard dans tous les chemins de à t dans S .stS
This approaches generalizes to an arbitrary directed graph G, as long as all edges have positive weight, so I'll explain my algorithm in those terms. Let w(u,v) denote the weight on the edge u→v. (This generalizes the problem statement you gave. If you have an unweighted graph, just assume every edge has weight 1. If you have an undirected graph, treat each undirected edge (u,v) as the two directed edges u→v and v→u.)
Step 1: extract S. Run a single-source shortest-paths algorithm (e.g., Dijkstra's algorithm) on G, starting from source s. For each vertex v in G, let d(s,v) denote the distance from s to v.
Now define the graph S as follows. It consists of every edge u→v such that (1) u→v is an edge in G, and (2) d(s,v)=d(s,u)+w(u,v).
The graph S has some convenient properties:
Every shortest path from s to t in G exists as a path in S: a shortest path s=v0,v1,v2,…,vk=t in G has the property that d(s,vi+1)=d(s,vi)+w(vi,vi+1)vi→vi+1 is present in S.
Every path in S from s to t is a shortest path in G. In particular, consider any path in S from s to t, say s=v0,v1,v2,…,vk=t. Its length is given by the sum of the weights of its edges, namely ∑ki=1w(vi−1,vi), but by the definition of S, this sum is ∑ki=1(d(s,vi)−d(s,vi−1), which telescopes to d(s,t)−d(s,s)=d(s,t). Therefore, this path is a shortest path from s to t in G.
Finally, the absence of zero-weight edges in G implies that S is a dag.
Step 2: sample a random path. Now we can throw away the weights on the edges in S, and sample a random path from s to t in S.
To help with this, we will do a precomputation to compute n(v) for each vertex v in S, where n(v) counts the number of distinct paths from v to t. This precomputation can be done in linear time by scanning the vertices of S in topologically sorted order, using the following recurrence relation:
n(v)=∑w∈succ(v)n(w)
where succ(v) denotes the successors of v, i.e., succ(v)={w:v→w is an edge in S}, and where we have the base case n(t)=1.
Next, we use the n(⋅) annotation to sample a random path. We first visit node s. Then, we randomly choose one of the successors of s, with successor w weighted by n(w). In other words:
choosesuccessor(v):
n = 0
for each w in succ(w):
n = n + n(w)
r = a random integer between 0 and n-1
n = 0
for each w in succ(w):
n = n + n(w)
if r < n:
return w
To choose a random path, we repeatedly iterate this process: i.e., v0=s, and vi+1= choosesuccessor
(vi). The resulting path is the desired path, and it will be sampled uniformly at random from all shortest paths from s to t.
Hopefully this helps you understand Realz Slaw's solution more easily. All credit to Realz Slaw for the beautiful and clean solution to this problem!
The one case this doesn't handle is the case where some edges have weight 0 or negative weight. However, the problem is potentially not well-defined in that case, as you can have infinitely many shortest paths.