Décoder les données Base64 en Java

J'ai une image encodée en Base64. Quelle est la meilleure façon de décoder cela en Java? Espérons que nous n'utilisons que les bibliothèques incluses avec Sun Java 6.

Depuis la v6, Java SE est livré avec JAXB. javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConvertera des méthodes statiques qui rendent cela facile. Voir parseBase64Binary()et printBase64Binary().

Depuis Java 8 , il existe une API officiellement prise en charge pour l'encodage et le décodage Base64. Avec le temps, cela deviendra probablement le choix par défaut.

L'API inclut la classe java.util.Base64et ses classes imbriquées. Il prend en charge trois versions différentes: de base, sans danger pour les URL et MIME.

Exemple de code utilisant l'encodage "de base":

import java.util.Base64;

byte[] bytes = "Hello, World!".getBytes("UTF-8");
String encoded = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bytes);
byte[] decoded = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);

La documentation dejava.util.Base64 inclut plusieurs autres méthodes pour configurer les encodeurs et décodeurs, et pour utiliser différentes classes comme entrées et sorties (tableaux d'octets, chaînes, ByteBuffers, flux java.io).

Pas besoin d'utiliser des communs - Sun fournit un encodeur base64 avec Java. Vous pouvez l'importer tel quel:

import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;

Et puis utilisez-le comme ceci:

BASE64Decoder decoder = new BASE64Decoder();
byte[] decodedBytes = decoder.decodeBuffer(encodedBytes);

Où encodedBytesest soit a, java.lang.Stringsoit a java.io.InputStream. Sachez juste que lesun.* cours ne sont pas "officiellement supportés" par Sun.

ÉDITER: Qui savait que ce serait la réponse la plus controversée que j'aie jamais publiée? Je sais que les packages sun. * Ne sont pas pris en charge ou garantis pour continuer d'exister, et je connais Commons et l'utilise tout le temps. Cependant, l'affiche a demandé un cours qui était "inclus avec Sun Java 6", et c'est ce que j'essayais de répondre. Je suis d'accord que Commons est la meilleure façon de procéder en général.

EDIT 2: Comme le souligne amir75 ci-dessous, Java 6+ est livré avec JAXB, qui contient le code pris en charge pour encoder / décoder Base64. Veuillez voir la réponse de Jeremy Ross ci-dessous.

Plus précisément dans le codec Commons : classe Base64vers decode(byte[] array)ouencode(byte[] array)

La goyave intègre désormais le décodage Base64.

Utilisez BaseEncoding.base64 (). Decode ()

Quant au traitement des espaces blancs possibles lors de l'utilisation des entrées

BaseEncoding.base64().decode(CharMatcher.WHITESPACE.removeFrom(...));

Voir cette discussion pour plus d'informations

Ma solution est la plus rapide et la plus simple.

public class MyBase64 {

    private final static char[] ALPHABET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/".toCharArray();

    private static int[]  toInt   = new int[128];

    static {
        for(int i=0; i< ALPHABET.length; i++){
            toInt[ALPHABET[i]]= i;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Translates the specified byte array into Base64 string.
     *
     * @param buf the byte array (not null)
     * @return the translated Base64 string (not null)
     */
    public static String encode(byte[] buf){
        int size = buf.length;
        char[] ar = new char[((size + 2) / 3) * 4];
        int a = 0;
        int i=0;
        while(i < size){
            byte b0 = buf[i++];
            byte b1 = (i < size) ? buf[i++] : 0;
            byte b2 = (i < size) ? buf[i++] : 0;

            int mask = 0x3F;
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[(b0 >> 2) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[((b0 << 4) | ((b1 & 0xFF) >> 4)) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[((b1 << 2) | ((b2 & 0xFF) >> 6)) & mask];
            ar[a++] = ALPHABET[b2 & mask];
        }
        switch(size % 3){
            case 1: ar[--a]  = '=';
            case 2: ar[--a]  = '=';
        }
        return new String(ar);
    }

    /**
     * Translates the specified Base64 string into a byte array.
     *
     * @param s the Base64 string (not null)
     * @return the byte array (not null)
     */
    public static byte[] decode(String s){
        int delta = s.endsWith( "==" ) ? 2 : s.endsWith( "=" ) ? 1 : 0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[s.length()*3/4 - delta];
        int mask = 0xFF;
        int index = 0;
        for(int i=0; i< s.length(); i+=4){
            int c0 = toInt[s.charAt( i )];
            int c1 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 1)];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c0 << 2) | (c1 >> 4)) & mask);
            if(index >= buffer.length){
                return buffer;
            }
            int c2 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 2)];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c1 << 4) | (c2 >> 2)) & mask);
            if(index >= buffer.length){
                return buffer;
            }
            int c3 = toInt[s.charAt( i + 3 )];
            buffer[index++]= (byte)(((c2 << 6) | c3) & mask);
        }
        return buffer;
    } 

}

Voici ma propre implémentation, si elle peut être utile à quelqu'un:

public class Base64Coder {

    // The line separator string of the operating system.
    private static final String systemLineSeparator = System.getProperty("line.separator");

    // Mapping table from 6-bit nibbles to Base64 characters.
    private static final char[] map1 = new char[64];
       static {
          int i=0;
          for (char c='A'; c<='Z'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          for (char c='a'; c<='z'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          for (char c='0'; c<='9'; c++) map1[i++] = c;
          map1[i++] = '+'; map1[i++] = '/'; }

    // Mapping table from Base64 characters to 6-bit nibbles.
    private static final byte[] map2 = new byte[128];
       static {
          for (int i=0; i<map2.length; i++) map2[i] = -1;
          for (int i=0; i<64; i++) map2[map1[i]] = (byte)i; }

    /**
    * Encodes a string into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted.
    * @param s  A String to be encoded.
    * @return   A String containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static String encodeString (String s) {
       return new String(encode(s.getBytes())); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base 64 format and breaks the output into lines of 76 characters.
    * This method is compatible with <code>sun.misc.BASE64Encoder.encodeBuffer(byte[])</code>.
    * @param in  An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @return    A String containing the Base64 encoded data, broken into lines.
    */
    public static String encodeLines (byte[] in) {
       return encodeLines(in, 0, in.length, 76, systemLineSeparator); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base 64 format and breaks the output into lines.
    * @param in            An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iOff          Offset of the first byte in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen          Number of bytes to be processed in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @param lineLen       Line length for the output data. Should be a multiple of 4.
    * @param lineSeparator The line separator to be used to separate the output lines.
    * @return              A String containing the Base64 encoded data, broken into lines.
    */
    public static String encodeLines (byte[] in, int iOff, int iLen, int lineLen, String lineSeparator) {
       int blockLen = (lineLen*3) / 4;
       if (blockLen <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
       int lines = (iLen+blockLen-1) / blockLen;
       int bufLen = ((iLen+2)/3)*4 + lines*lineSeparator.length();
       StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(bufLen);
       int ip = 0;
       while (ip < iLen) {
          int l = Math.min(iLen-ip, blockLen);
          buf.append (encode(in, iOff+ip, l));
          buf.append (lineSeparator);
          ip += l; }
       return buf.toString(); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in  An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @return    A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in) {
       return encode(in, 0, in.length); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in    An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iLen  Number of bytes to process in <code>in</code>.
    * @return      A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in, int iLen) {
       return encode(in, 0, iLen); }

    /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are inserted in the output.
    * @param in    An array containing the data bytes to be encoded.
    * @param iOff  Offset of the first byte in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen  Number of bytes to process in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @return      A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static char[] encode (byte[] in, int iOff, int iLen) {
       int oDataLen = (iLen*4+2)/3;       // output length without padding
       int oLen = ((iLen+2)/3)*4;         // output length including padding
       char[] out = new char[oLen];
       int ip = iOff;
       int iEnd = iOff + iLen;
       int op = 0;
       while (ip < iEnd) {
          int i0 = in[ip++] & 0xff;
          int i1 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] & 0xff : 0;
          int i2 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] & 0xff : 0;
          int o0 = i0 >>> 2;
          int o1 = ((i0 &   3) << 4) | (i1 >>> 4);
          int o2 = ((i1 & 0xf) << 2) | (i2 >>> 6);
          int o3 = i2 & 0x3F;
          out[op++] = map1[o0];
          out[op++] = map1[o1];
          out[op] = op < oDataLen ? map1[o2] : '='; op++;
          out[op] = op < oDataLen ? map1[o3] : '='; op++; }
       return out; }

    /**
    * Decodes a string from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   A String containing the decoded data.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static String decodeString (String s) {
       return new String(decode(s)); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format and ignores line separators, tabs and blanks.
    * CR, LF, Tab and Space characters are ignored in the input data.
    * This method is compatible with <code>sun.misc.BASE64Decoder.decodeBuffer(String)</code>.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decodeLines (String s) {
       char[] buf = new char[s.length()];
       int p = 0;
       for (int ip = 0; ip < s.length(); ip++) {
          char c = s.charAt(ip);
          if (c != ' ' && c != '\r' && c != '\n' && c != '\t')
             buf[p++] = c; }
       return decode(buf, 0, p); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param s  A Base64 String to be decoded.
    * @return   An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws   IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (String s) {
       return decode(s.toCharArray()); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param in  A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    * @return    An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws    IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (char[] in) {
       return decode(in, 0, in.length); }

    /**
    * Decodes a byte array from Base64 format.
    * No blanks or line breaks are allowed within the Base64 encoded input data.
    * @param in    A character array containing the Base64 encoded data.
    * @param iOff  Offset of the first character in <code>in</code> to be processed.
    * @param iLen  Number of characters to process in <code>in</code>, starting at <code>iOff</code>.
    * @return      An array containing the decoded data bytes.
    * @throws      IllegalArgumentException If the input is not valid Base64 encoded data.
    */
    public static byte[] decode (char[] in, int iOff, int iLen) {
       if (iLen%4 != 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Length of Base64 encoded input string is not a multiple of 4.");
       while (iLen > 0 && in[iOff+iLen-1] == '=') iLen--;
       int oLen = (iLen*3) / 4;
       byte[] out = new byte[oLen];
       int ip = iOff;
       int iEnd = iOff + iLen;
       int op = 0;
       while (ip < iEnd) {
          int i0 = in[ip++];
          int i1 = in[ip++];
          int i2 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] : 'A';
          int i3 = ip < iEnd ? in[ip++] : 'A';
          if (i0 > 127 || i1 > 127 || i2 > 127 || i3 > 127)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Illegal character in Base64 encoded data.");
          int b0 = map2[i0];
          int b1 = map2[i1];
          int b2 = map2[i2];
          int b3 = map2[i3];
          if (b0 < 0 || b1 < 0 || b2 < 0 || b3 < 0)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Illegal character in Base64 encoded data.");
          int o0 = ( b0       <<2) | (b1>>>4);
          int o1 = ((b1 & 0xf)<<4) | (b2>>>2);
          int o2 = ((b2 &   3)<<6) |  b3;
          out[op++] = (byte)o0;
          if (op<oLen) out[op++] = (byte)o1;
          if (op<oLen) out[op++] = (byte)o2; }
       return out; }

    // Dummy constructor.
    private Base64Coder() {}
}

Comme alternative aux sun.misc.BASE64Decoderbibliothèques ou non-core, regardez javax.mail.internet.MimeUtility.decode().

public static byte[] encode(byte[] b) throws Exception {
    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    OutputStream b64os = MimeUtility.encode(baos, "base64");
    b64os.write(b);
    b64os.close();
    return baos.toByteArray();
}
public static byte[] decode(byte[] b) throws Exception {
    ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(b);
    InputStream b64is = MimeUtility.decode(bais, "base64");
    byte[] tmp = new byte[b.length];
    int n = b64is.read(tmp);
    byte[] res = new byte[n];
    System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, res, 0, n);
    return res;
}

Lien avec le code complet: encoder / décoder vers / depuis Base64

Une autre réponse tardive, mais mon analyse comparative montre que la mise en œuvre de Jetty de l' encodeur Base64 est assez rapide. Pas aussi rapide que MiGBase64 mais plus rapide que iHarder Base64 .

import org.eclipse.jetty.util.B64Code;

final String decoded = B64Code.decode(encoded, "UTF-8");

J'ai aussi fait quelques benchmarks:

      library     |    encode    |    decode   
------------------+--------------+-------------
 'MiGBase64'      |  10146001.00 |  6426446.00
 'Jetty B64Code'  |   8846191.00 |  3101361.75
 'iHarder Base64' |   3259590.50 |  2505280.00
 'Commons-Codec'  |    241318.04 |   255179.96

Ce sont des runs / sec donc plus c'est mieux.

Etant donné un essai exemple de codage / décodage de javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter en utilisant des méthodes parseBase64Binary () et printBase64Binary () se référant à @ jeremy-ross et réponse @nightfirecat.

@Test
public void EncodeDecode() {
    //ENCODE
    String hello = "Hello World";
    byte[] helloBytes = hello.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    String encodedHello = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(helloBytes);
    LOGGER.info(hello + " encoded=> " + encodedHello);

    //DECODE
    byte[] encodedHelloBytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(encodedHello);
    String helloAgain = new String(encodedHelloBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8) ;
    LOGGER.info(encodedHello + " decoded=> " + helloAgain);

    Assert.assertEquals(hello, helloAgain);
}

Résultat:

INFO - Hello World encoded=> SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=
INFO - SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ= decoded=> Hello World

Si vous préférez une solution basée sur les performances, vous pouvez utiliser "MiGBase64"

http://migbase64.sourceforge.net/

public class Base64Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    String encodeToString = Base64.encodeToString("JavaTips.net".getBytes(), true);
    System.out.println("encodeToString " + encodeToString);
    byte[] decodedBytes = Base64.decode(encodeToString.getBytes());
    System.out.println("decodedBytes " + new String(decodedBytes));
    }
}

C'est une réponse tardive , mais Joshua Bloch a engagé sa Base64classe (quand il travaillait pour Sun, ahem, Oracle) dans le cadre du java.util.prefspackage. Cette classe existait depuis JDK 1.4.

Par exemple

String currentString = "Hello World";
String base64String = java.util.prefs.Base64.byteArrayToBase64(currentString.getBytes("UTF-8"));

J'espère que cela vous aidera:

import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;
String str="Hello World";
String base64_str=Base64.encode(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));

Ou:

String str="Hello World";
String base64_str="";
try
   {base64_str=(String)Class.forName("java.util.prefs.Base64").getDeclaredMethod("byteArrayToBase64", new Class[]{byte[].class}).invoke(null, new Object[]{str.getBytes("UTF-8")});
   }
catch (Exception ee) {}

java.util.prefs.Base64travaille sur local rt.jar,

Mais ce n'est pas dans la liste blanche de la classe JRE

et pas dans les classes disponibles non répertoriées dans la liste blanche GAE / J

Quel dommage!

PS. Dans Android, c'est facile car cela android.util.Base64a été inclus depuis Android API niveau 8.

Vous pouvez écrire ou télécharger un fichier à partir d'une chaîne Base64 encodée:

Base64 base64 = new Base64(); 
String encodedFile="JVBERi0xLjUKJeLjz9MKMSAwIG9iago8PCAKICAgL1R5cGUgL0NhdGFsb2cKICAgL1BhZ2VzIDIgMCBSCiAgIC9QYWdlTGF5b3V0IC9TaW5"; 
              byte[] dd=encodedFile.getBytes();
            byte[] bytes = Base64.decodeBase64(dd);

 response.setHeader("Content-disposition", "attachment; filename=\""+filename+"\"");
            response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
            response.setHeader("Expires", "-1");

            // actually send result bytes
            response.getOutputStream().write(bytes);

A travaillé pour moi et j'espère pour vous aussi ...

L'implémentation Java 8 de java.util.Base64 n'a pas de dépendances sur d'autres classes spécifiques à Java 8.

Je ne sais pas si cela fonctionnera pour le projet Java 6, mais il est possible de copier et coller le Base64.javafichier dans un projet Java 7 et de le compiler sans autre modification que l'importation de java.util.Arrays etjava.util.Objects .

Notez que le fichier Base64.java est couvert par la GNU GPL2

J'ai utilisé android.util.base64cela fonctionne assez bien sans aucune dépendance:

Usage:

byte[] decodedKey = Base64.decode(encodedPublicKey, Base64.DEFAULT);

package com.test;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

/**
 * Utilities for encoding and decoding the Base64 representation of
 * binary data.  See RFCs <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">2045</a> and <a
 * href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3548.txt">3548</a>.
 */
public class Base64 {

    public static final int DEFAULT = 0;


    public static final int NO_PADDING = 1;


    public static final int NO_WRAP = 2;


    public static final int CRLF = 4;


    public static final int URL_SAFE = 8;


    public static final int NO_CLOSE = 16;

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  shared code
    //  --------------------------------------------------------

    /* package */ static abstract class Coder {
        public byte[] output;
        public int op;

        public abstract boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish);


        public abstract int maxOutputSize(int len);
    }

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  decoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------


    public static byte[] decode(String str, int flags) {
        return decode(str.getBytes(), flags);
    }

    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int flags) {
        return decode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    }


    public static byte[] decode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        // Allocate space for the most data the input could represent.
        // (It could contain less if it contains whitespace, etc.)
        Decoder decoder = new Decoder(flags, new byte[len*3/4]);

        if (!decoder.process(input, offset, len, true)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad base-64");
        }

        // Maybe we got lucky and allocated exactly enough output space.
        if (decoder.op == decoder.output.length) {
            return decoder.output;
        }

        // Need to shorten the array, so allocate a new one of the
        // right size and copy.
        byte[] temp = new byte[decoder.op];
        System.arraycopy(decoder.output, 0, temp, 0, decoder.op);
        return temp;
    }

   static class Decoder extends Coder {       
        private static final int DECODE[] = {
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        };

        /**
         * Decode lookup table for the "web safe" variant (RFC 3548
         * sec. 4) where - and _ replace + and /.
         */
        private static final int DECODE_WEBSAFE[] = {
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1,
            52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1,
            -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
            15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, 63,
            -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
            41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
            -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
        };

        /** Non-data values in the DECODE arrays. */
        private static final int SKIP = -1;
        private static final int EQUALS = -2;


        private int state;   // state number (0 to 6)
        private int value;

        final private int[] alphabet;

        public Decoder(int flags, byte[] output) {
            this.output = output;

            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? DECODE : DECODE_WEBSAFE;
            state = 0;
            value = 0;
        }


        public int maxOutputSize(int len) {
            return len * 3/4 + 10;
        }

        /**
         * Decode another block of input data.
         *
         * @return true if the state machine is still healthy.  false if
         *         bad base-64 data has been detected in the input stream.
         */
        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) {
            if (this.state == 6) return false;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;

            int state = this.state;
            int value = this.value;
            int op = 0;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            final int[] alphabet = this.alphabet;

            while (p < len) {                
                if (state == 0) {
                    while (p+4 <= len &&
                           (value = ((alphabet[input[p] & 0xff] << 18) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+1] & 0xff] << 12) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+2] & 0xff] << 6) |
                                     (alphabet[input[p+3] & 0xff]))) >= 0) {
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        p += 4;
                    }
                    if (p >= len) break;
                }

                int d = alphabet[input[p++] & 0xff];

                switch (state) {
                case 0:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d == EQUALS) {
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect exactly one more padding character.
                        output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                        state = 4;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 3:
                    if (d >= 0) {
                        // Emit the output triple and return to state 0.
                        value = (value << 6) | d;
                        output[op+2] = (byte) value;
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 8);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 16);
                        op += 3;
                        state = 0;
                    } else if (d == EQUALS) {
                        // Emit the last (partial) output tuple;
                        // expect no further data or padding characters.
                        output[op+1] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                        output[op] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                        op += 2;
                        state = 5;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 4:
                    if (d == EQUALS) {
                        ++state;
                    } else if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;

                case 5:
                    if (d != SKIP) {
                        this.state = 6;
                        return false;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!finish) {
                // We're out of input, but a future call could provide
                // more.
                this.state = state;
                this.value = value;
                this.op = op;
                return true;
            }


            switch (state) {
            case 0:
                break;
            case 1:
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 2:
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 4);
                break;
            case 3:
               output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 10);
                output[op++] = (byte) (value >> 2);
                break;
            case 4:
                this.state = 6;
                return false;
            case 5:
                break;
            }

            this.state = state;
            this.op = op;
            return true;
        }
    }

    //  --------------------------------------------------------
    //  encoding
    //  --------------------------------------------------------    
    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int flags) {
        try {
            return new String(encode(input, flags), "US-ASCII");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }


    public static String encodeToString(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        try {
            return new String(encode(input, offset, len, flags), "US-ASCII");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            // US-ASCII is guaranteed to be available.
            throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
    }


    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int flags) {
        return encode(input, 0, input.length, flags);
    }


    public static byte[] encode(byte[] input, int offset, int len, int flags) {
        Encoder encoder = new Encoder(flags, null);

        // Compute the exact length of the array we will produce.
        int output_len = len / 3 * 4;

        // Account for the tail of the data and the padding bytes, if any.
        if (encoder.do_padding) {
            if (len % 3 > 0) {
                output_len += 4;
            }
        } else {
            switch (len % 3) {
                case 0: break;
                case 1: output_len += 2; break;
                case 2: output_len += 3; break;
            }
        }

        // Account for the newlines, if any.
        if (encoder.do_newline && len > 0) {
            output_len += (((len-1) / (3 * Encoder.LINE_GROUPS)) + 1) *
                (encoder.do_cr ? 2 : 1);
        }

        encoder.output = new byte[output_len];
        encoder.process(input, offset, len, true);

        assert encoder.op == output_len;

        return encoder.output;
    }

    /* package */ static class Encoder extends Coder {
        /**
         * Emit a new line every this many output tuples.  Corresponds to
         * a 76-character line length (the maximum allowable according to
         * <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>).
         */
        public static final int LINE_GROUPS = 19;

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE[] = {
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/',
        };

        /**
         * Lookup table for turning Base64 alphabet positions (6 bits)
         * into output bytes.
         */
        private static final byte ENCODE_WEBSAFE[] = {
            'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P',
            'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f',
            'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
            'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-', '_',
        };

        final private byte[] tail;
        /* package */ int tailLen;
        private int count;

        final public boolean do_padding;
        final public boolean do_newline;
        final public boolean do_cr;
        final private byte[] alphabet;

        public Encoder(int flags, byte[] output) {
            this.output = output;

            do_padding = (flags & NO_PADDING) == 0;
            do_newline = (flags & NO_WRAP) == 0;
            do_cr = (flags & CRLF) != 0;
            alphabet = ((flags & URL_SAFE) == 0) ? ENCODE : ENCODE_WEBSAFE;

            tail = new byte[2];
            tailLen = 0;

            count = do_newline ? LINE_GROUPS : -1;
        }

        /**
         * @return an overestimate for the number of bytes {@code
         * len} bytes could encode to.
         */
        public int maxOutputSize(int len) {
            return len * 8/5 + 10;
        }

        public boolean process(byte[] input, int offset, int len, boolean finish) {
            // Using local variables makes the encoder about 9% faster.
            final byte[] alphabet = this.alphabet;
            final byte[] output = this.output;
            int op = 0;
            int count = this.count;

            int p = offset;
            len += offset;
            int v = -1;

            // First we need to concatenate the tail of the previous call
            // with any input bytes available now and see if we can empty
            // the tail.

            switch (tailLen) {
                case 0:
                    // There was no tail.
                    break;

                case 1:
                    if (p+2 <= len) {
                        // A 1-byte tail with at least 2 bytes of
                        // input available now.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((input[p++] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    };
                    break;

                case 2:
                    if (p+1 <= len) {
                        // A 2-byte tail with at least 1 byte of input.
                        v = ((tail[0] & 0xff) << 16) |
                            ((tail[1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                            (input[p++] & 0xff);
                        tailLen = 0;
                    }
                    break;
            }

            if (v != -1) {
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                if (--count == 0) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                }
            }

            // At this point either there is no tail, or there are fewer
            // than 3 bytes of input available.

            // The main loop, turning 3 input bytes into 4 output bytes on
            // each iteration.
            while (p+3 <= len) {
                v = ((input[p] & 0xff) << 16) |
                    ((input[p+1] & 0xff) << 8) |
                    (input[p+2] & 0xff);
                output[op] = alphabet[(v >> 18) & 0x3f];
                output[op+1] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                output[op+2] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                output[op+3] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                p += 3;
                op += 4;
                if (--count == 0) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                    count = LINE_GROUPS;
                }
            }

            if (finish) {

                if (p-tailLen == len-1) {
                    int t = 0;
                    v = ((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 4;
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) {
                        output[op++] = '=';
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    }
                    if (do_newline) {
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    }
                } else if (p-tailLen == len-2) {
                    int t = 0;
                    v = (((tailLen > 1 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 10) |
                        (((tailLen > 0 ? tail[t++] : input[p++]) & 0xff) << 2);
                    tailLen -= t;
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 12) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[(v >> 6) & 0x3f];
                    output[op++] = alphabet[v & 0x3f];
                    if (do_padding) {
                        output[op++] = '=';
                    }
                    if (do_newline) {
                        if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                        output[op++] = '\n';
                    }
                } else if (do_newline && op > 0 && count != LINE_GROUPS) {
                    if (do_cr) output[op++] = '\r';
                    output[op++] = '\n';
                }

                assert tailLen == 0;
                assert p == len;
            } else {
                // Save the leftovers in tail to be consumed on the next
                // call to encodeInternal.

                if (p == len-1) {
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                } else if (p == len-2) {
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p];
                    tail[tailLen++] = input[p+1];
                }
            }

            this.op = op;
            this.count = count;

            return true;
        }
    }

    private Base64() { }   // don't instantiate
}